Functions of components from a thermal management perspective
Battery: The battery is a component that should only be operated within a specific temperature range. Above an operating temperature of +40°C, its service life decreases, while below -10°C, efficiency decreases and performance drops. Furthermore, the temperature difference between the individual cells must not exceed a certain value, as this also reduces service life. Further complicating matters is that short-term peak loads combined with high currents such as recuperation and boosting lead to significant heating of the cells.
HVAC system: The heating/air conditioning system is a neglected component in many projects. Achieving good interior comfort is only possible with specific operating points, but these are often at different temperature levels than the thermal management components. A pure performance assessment is not possible here, as humans are very sensitive to temperatures and air volumes. For example, the highest possible exhaust temperature (up to 60°C) should be selected for heating mode. However, the maximum operating temperature of batteries is usually around 40°C. If you wanted to heat at 40°C, this would only be possible with significantly more air, which can significantly impact the noise level.
Electric drivetrain: The electric motor, power electronics, and charging electronics components typically generate heat energy that must be dissipated both during driving and charging. These can best be compared to the combustion engine as an energy supplier. Overheating protection must also be taken into account here, especially when charging overnight, for example.
Fuel cells: The process in the fuel cell also releases heat that must be dissipated. The temperature levels correspond to approximately 80°C and are comparable to those of a combustion engine.
